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//快速排序

void quick_sort(int q[], int l, int r)
{
if (l >= r) return;

int i = l - 1, j = r + 1, x = q[l + r >> 1];
while (i < j)
{
do i ++ ; while (q[i] < x);
do j -- ; while (q[j] > x);
if (i < j) swap(q[i], q[j]);
}
quick_sort(q, l, j), quick_sort(q, j + 1, r);
}
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//归并排序
void merge_sort(int q[], int l, int r)
{
if (l >= r) return;

int mid = l + r >> 1;
merge_sort(q, l, mid);
merge_sort(q, mid + 1, r);

int k = 0, i = l, j = mid + 1;
while (i <= mid && j <= r)
if (q[i] <= q[j]) tmp[k ++ ] = q[i ++ ];
else tmp[k ++ ] = q[j ++ ];

while (i <= mid) tmp[k ++ ] = q[i ++ ];
while (j <= r) tmp[k ++ ] = q[j ++ ];

for (i = l, j = 0; i <= r; i ++, j ++ ) q[i] = tmp[j];
}
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//整数二分算法
bool check(int x) {/* ... */} // 检查x是否满足某种性质

// 区间[l, r]被划分成[l, mid]和[mid + 1, r]时使用:
int bsearch_1(int l, int r)
{
while (l < r)
{
int mid = l + r >> 1;
if (check(mid)) r = mid; // check()判断mid是否满足性质
else l = mid + 1;
}
return l;
}
// 区间[l, r]被划分成[l, mid - 1]和[mid, r]时使用:
int bsearch_2(int l, int r)
{
while (l < r)
{
int mid = l + r + 1 >> 1;
if (check(mid)) l = mid;
else r = mid - 1;
}
return l;
}

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//浮点数二分算法
bool check(double x) {/* ... */} // 检查x是否满足某种性质

double bsearch_3(double l, double r)
{
const double eps = 1e-6; // eps 表示精度,取决于题目对精度的要求
while (r - l > eps)
{
double mid = (l + r) / 2;
if (check(mid)) r = mid;
else l = mid;
}
return l;
}
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//高精度加法
// C = A + B, A >= 0, B >= 0
vector<int> add(vector<int> &A, vector<int> &B)
{
if (A.size() < B.size()) return add(B, A);

vector<int> C;
int t = 0;
for (int i = 0; i < A.size(); i ++ )
{
t += A[i];
if (i < B.size()) t += B[i];
C.push_back(t % 10);
t /= 10;
}

if (t) C.push_back(t);
return C;
}
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//高精度减法
// C = A - B, 满足A >= B, A >= 0, B >= 0
vector<int> sub(vector<int> &A, vector<int> &B)
{
vector<int> C;
for (int i = 0, t = 0; i < A.size(); i ++ )
{
t = A[i] - t;
if (i < B.size()) t -= B[i];
C.push_back((t + 10) % 10);
if (t < 0) t = 1;
else t = 0;
}

while (C.size() > 1 && C.back() == 0) C.pop_back();
return C;
}
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//高精度乘低精度
// C = A * b, A >= 0, b >= 0
vector<int> mul(vector<int> &A, int b)
{
vector<int> C;

int t = 0;
for (int i = 0; i < A.size() || t; i ++ )
{
if (i < A.size()) t += A[i] * b;
C.push_back(t % 10);
t /= 10;
}

while (C.size() > 1 && C.back() == 0) C.pop_back();

return C;
}

作者:yxc
链接:https://www.acwing.com/blog/content/277/
来源:AcWing
著作权归作者所有。商业转载请联系作者获得授权,非商业转载请注明出处。
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//高精度除以低精度
// A / b = C ... r, A >= 0, b > 0
vector<int> div(vector<int> &A, int b, int &r)
{
vector<int> C;
r = 0;
for (int i = A.size() - 1; i >= 0; i -- )
{
r = r * 10 + A[i];
C.push_back(r / b);
r %= b;
}
reverse(C.begin(), C.end());
while (C.size() > 1 && C.back() == 0) C.pop_back();
return C;
}

作者:yxc
链接:https://www.acwing.com/blog/content/277/
来源:AcWing
著作权归作者所有。商业转载请联系作者获得授权,非商业转载请注明出处。
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//一维前缀和
S[i] = a[1] + a[2] + ... a[i]
a[l] + ... + a[r] = S[r] - S[l - 1]
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//二维前缀和
S[i, j] = 第i行j列格子左上部分所有元素的和
以(x1, y1)为左上角,(x2, y2)为右下角的子矩阵的和为:
S[x2, y2] - S[x1 - 1, y2] - S[x2, y1 - 1] + S[x1 - 1, y1 - 1]
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//一维差分
给区间[l, r]中的每个数加上c:B[l] += c, B[r + 1] -= c
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//二维差分
给以(x1, y1)为左上角,(x2, y2)为右下角的子矩阵中的所有元素加上c:
S[x1, y1] += c, S[x2 + 1, y1] -= c, S[x1, y2 + 1] -= c, S[x2 + 1, y2 + 1] += c
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//位运算
求n的第k位数字: n >> k & 1
返回n的最后一位1lowbit(n) = n & -n
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//双指针算法
for (int i = 0, j = 0; i < n; i ++ )
{
while (j < i && check(i, j)) j ++ ;

// 具体问题的逻辑
}
常见问题分类:
(1) 对于一个序列,用两个指针维护一段区间
(2) 对于两个序列,维护某种次序,比如归并排序中合并两个有序序列的操作

作者:yxc
链接:https://www.acwing.com/blog/content/277/
来源:AcWing